Microfluidic chips are fabricated through two-dimensional (2D) lithography and increasingly by additive techniques, commonly referred to as three-dimensional (3D) printing 1. Microfluidic precision and miniaturization revolutionized the microscale manipulation of reagents and cells that nowadays have numerous applications in the natural sciences, engineering, and industrial applications. This technology has the potential to permit ultracompact devices and performance improvements through 3D flow optimization in all fields of microfluidic engineering. Such devices can be printed in minutes by locally adjusting print resolution during fabrication. Also, aberration-free in operando X-ray microtomography is introduced to study efficient equivolumetric millisecond mixing in channels with 3D features integrated into the nozzle. By integrating an additional orifice, we implement a low consumption flow-focusing nozzle, which is validated by solving a hemoglobin structure. We achieve submicron jets with speeds exceeding 160 m s −1, which allows for the use of megahertz XFEL repetition rates. We demonstrate this technique by tailoring microfluidic nozzles and mixers for time-resolved structural biology at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs).
To advance microfluidic integration, we present the use of two-photon additive manufacturing to fold 2D channel layouts into compact free-form 3D fluidic circuits with nanometer precision.
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